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__Assess the Reasons for unrest in Italy 1896 – 1915?__ Italy in 1915 was in much need of change, as Mark Robson suggests; in 1914 Italy was an “Industrial Infant”, although in certain aspects had improved Italy by 1914 there were still a vast amount of problems facing the Italian government. Italy was certainly not ready to fight a war as large as the upcoming First World War without drastic change. The reasons for Italian unrest can be grouped under 3 main umbrellas: political, social and economic. There was a complex relationship between these three factors adnd it is nessisary to look at examples of unrest in thios period to establish whether one of these three factors was more important than the others.

the first outbreak of unrest followed the first defeat at Adowa in 1896 Forced to retreat back to Somaliland, over 5,000 Italian troops were left dead on the battlefield. There were more fatalities on a single day than in all the battles of the //Risorgimento//! The Italian invasion force consisted of 14,500 soldiers. They had inadequate maps, old model guns, poor communication equipment and inferior footgear for the rocky ground. By the end of the Abyssinian Campaign in 1896, 70% of the invasion force had been killed, captured or wounded. Italy was subsequently forced to accept Abyssinian independence and pay ten million lira in reparations in order to have her prisoners returned. When news reached Italy there were street demonstrations in most major cities.Troops had to be used to quell demonstrations in Naples. In Rome, to prevent these violent protests, the universities and theatres were closed.Police were called out to disperse rock-throwers in front of Prime Minister Crispi’s residence. Crispi resigned on 9 March. The reason for the expansion into Abysinia were the political, social and economic problems facing the govornment in the post unification period,however after the war these problems had been made conciderably worse, by the debt, humiliation and loss of life caused. It is impossible to establish whether economic or political problems were the most significant cause of this perticular outbreak of unrest. If the financial cost of the Abysinian campaign had not been so high, there may well still have been a violent responce, but this cannot be removed from the equation of what had been happening in Italy for the previous 20 years. There were further outbreaks of unrest in the srpring and summer of 1898, the wheat harvest in 1897 was the lowest since unification – only 2.4 million tonnes, compared with an average of 3.5 million tonnes in 1891-95.The **__Spanish-American War__**in 1898 made it difficult to import American grain, exacerbating the problem. This resulted in extremely high prices. In Milan, the price of wheat rose from 225 lire a tonne in mid-1887 to 330 lire a tonne in April 1898. Street demonstrations began in the south of Italy, spreading throughout the peninsula and by May 1898 food riots convulsed most of the country. The government was forced to use the army to suppress the demonstrations, further intensifying the resentment felt by the masses. The economic causes of the situation were out of the hands of the Italinan government. You could argue however that the cause was political in the longterm, as the governments between 1860 and 1896 had failed to close the economic gap between the industial nhrth and the agrarian south, therefore healing the North South divide. Italian growth and industrialisation was warped into the northern half of the country, where a large amount of investment was being made by the government. This added to social problems of the north south divide which will be discussed in the following paragraph. Post the large levels of industrialisation the Italian national income grew from 62 billion Lira in 1895 to 92 billion Lira in 1911. Italy’s industry also grew by 100% between 1896 and 1908. However the majority of this expansion was in the northern parts of the country, causing mass unrest in the south, where the Italian peasants felt as though they had been cheated by the government who had amounted a high amount of debt encouraging industrialisation. Which the poor southerners suffered through high taxes. The majority of the transport links were in the North, with the south only containing 10% of the nation’s roads in the 1980s. In addition the way the government dealt with the crisis, and the lack of faith in the government exasurbated the outbreaks of unrest. Milan became a center of unrest in may 1898. This quite clearly can't be attributed to the north south divide or the backwardness of the south. As the inflated price of wheat continued to rise, the masses took to the streets of Milan to protest against the government’s incompetence. The arrest of some socialist newspaper sellers led to widespread rioting in the city. The government believed that they had uncovered a socialist conspiracy and the army was used to suppress the riots. Martial Law was declared in four provinces and all suspected subversives were arrested, while the press was heavily censored. Thousands of demonstrators were arrested on flimsy evidence. Up to 200 protestors were killed by the army. it would seem clear that as the riots spread in the summer of 1898 they became increasingly politically motivated, never the less in milan the price of whear had risen significantly and seperating the political and economic causes is difficult. Between 1900 and 1914 unrest was largely contained but In March 1914 a new government came to power under the leadership of the right-wing Liberal **__Antonio Salandra__** (pictured right). In early June three anti-militant demonstrators were killed at Ancona. Dubbed as a ‘proletarian massacre’, syndicalists, republicans and anarchists all protested against the government. The PSI called for a general strike and was supported by the CGL. This led to riots throughout northern Italy. Some towns in Romagna were taken over, railway stations were seized, telephone wires cut, tax-registers burnt, and the rioters even captured an Italian general. The CGL called off the strike after two days, but it took thousands of Italian troops to restore law and order. It was primarioly political issues which caused red week, with the right wing government set to take a firmer line against the political left. However the industialisation of the north and the expansion of the economy led to the problems led to the growth in of socialism in the north, in could be argued that economic causes were the most significant. Issues with Italy’s growing economy were another large reason for unrest. Although economic growth rates may have looked good in comparison to those of other European countries the Despite Italy’s growth it was still a long way off other European powers; in 1913 the value of Italy’s foreign trade was $1.8billion, where as Britain’s in the same year way $7.5billion. An economy with very distinct social classes is open to socialist influence, and when socialist parties began to appear support for the government decreased further still. A superficial examination of out breaks of unrest might lead one to conclude that economic reasons were the most significant causes. However its vital to put these outbreaks of unrest in the context of Italy since unification. successive Liberal governments had failed to create a political system capable of engaging the population and driving forward reform. the efforts made by Giolitti atleast in the short term emasculated political oposition. He tried to make the governemnt more attractive to socialists and Catholics but in the long term he failed to please the trade unions and therefore increased the socialist support. in conclusion the economic causes in the short term worsened the already established long term political causes